$$E = MC^2$$

Richard D. De Veaux 写过一篇很有趣的文章 Math Is Music; Statistics Is Literature (Or, Why Are There No Six-Year-Old Novelists?)（数学是音乐；统计是文学（或者说，为什么天下没有六岁的天才作家））。

It is not merely that we hope to teach judgment to sophomores; we are actually asking our students to change the way they reason about the real world. P. F. Velleman in his 2003 keynote address to the Beyond the Formula conference called the skills they must acquire the seven unnatural acts of statistical thinking: （统计不只是要教给高年级本科生如何做判断，我们其实是在要求学生改变他们探索世界的思路，这需要建立七种非常规的统计思维。）

1. Think critically. Challenge the data’s credentials; look for biases and lurking variables. （批判性地思考。挑战数据的可靠性；寻找可能的偏差和隐藏信息）
2. Be skeptical. Question authority and the current theory. (Well, okay, sophomores do find this natural.)（持怀疑态度。质疑权威和现有理论）
4. Focus on what we don’t know. For example, a confidence interval exhibits how much we don’t know about the parameter.（关注我们不知道的。例如，置信区间可以展示我们有多么不了解要估计的参数）
5. Perfect the process. Our best conclusion is often a refined question, but that means a student can’t memorize the ‘answer‘. （尽量完善分析的每一步。最好的结论往往是一个更细致而有趣的问题，因此学生没法靠背‘答案’来学习）
6. Think about conditional probabilities and rare events. Humans just don’t do this well. Ask any gambler. But, without this, the student can’t understand a p-value.（习惯于考虑条件概率和小概率事件。人们其实不是很擅长如此思考。这个可以问问赌博者，若没有这个习惯，学生很难理解p值）
7. Embrace vague concepts. （学会接纳不精确的概念和定义）